CAN FOREST INCREASE LOCAL PRESIPITATION ?
Rudi H., O. Sharif, B. Aryanto Tri Hastuti., Eka Widiastutik
Postgraduate student Major Forest Management Sciences

Bogor Institute of Agriculture

Forest with all the rich they have provide benefits that are very valuable for human life, not only wood and non-timber forest products but also services, forest protection,genetic reaources, recreation, micro-climate, maintenance of soil fertility and the governance of the water. In the Forestry Act number 41 of 1999 clearly states that the forest is a forest that has a function as a protective buffer system to manage the life of governance of water, prevent flooding, control erosion, prevent intruisi sea water, and maintain soil fertility.

The ecological functions of forests is as absorbent rain water to prevent erosion. Forests have an important role in managing the flow of water to urban and agricultural areas, local, regional and global. For example, 50% to 80% from the humidity in the air above the forest tropik comes from the forest through the process of transpiration and respiration. If the forest were cut extensively then the presipitation or rainfall will be reduced down and the temperature will rise (Miller, 1993).

Activities of land that change landscape of watershed often affect the results of the water (water yield). At a certain limit, these activities can also affect water quality conditions. The same can also be caused by logging activities forest (forest logging), which is currently in the incessant done by tropical countries, especially the natural forests still have a large enough. The change of land and vegetation types in the large-scale and permanently, can affect the size of the results of the water (Asdak, 2004).

Orchid in South Kalimantan Province Indonesia Forest

A survey and collection was made of orchids in the PTAYI (Aya Yayang Indoenesia) production forest area in South Kalimantan Province Indonesia. One hundred and ten orchid plants were collected successfully alive and taken to the Bogor Botanic Gardens for identification. This collection includes 25 genera. Sixty-two of the plants collected have been identified to species level. Orchid genera common in the PTAYI forest are Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Coelogyne, Agrostophyllum, Eria and Flickingeria. Orchids of the genera Vanda, Phalaenopsis, Paraphalaenopsis, Cymbidium and Paphiopedilum (slipper orchids), which are amongst the most spectacular of Asian orchids, were not seen in the PTAYI forest. The orchid flora of the PT AYI production forest appears to be typical for hill dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan. The majority of the species recorded are widespread in Indonesia. According to available records, only one specimen collected and identified to species level (Thecostele alata) is restricted to Borneo island.

Good management of the PTAYI forest area is important for the long-term conservation of orchids which are not currently threatened, but will become increasingly endangered in the future. Of the taxa (species and genera) collected during this survey, more than twenty were found only on trees along the Pasuang-Ayu and/or Missim Rivers. Trees which are most common in riverside forest and which were noted to be good host species for orchids are biwan (Endertia spectabilis), bikakar (Saraca declinata) and matoa (Pom etia pinnata). Although many orchids were found in logged forest, the majority of the host trees are remainders of the original forest. Tall dipterocarp trees are often important hosts for orchids, while pioneer trees rarely bear orchids. No specific parts of the PTAYI forest require total protection for conservation of orchids. However, it is important that (a) natural forest is maintained along the larger rivers, (b) timber production is always done so as to minimise damage to the overall forest structure and (c) some old large trees are retained in production areas.

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